A Review on the Extraction of Antibacterial Bioactive Compounds from Tanzanian Medicinal Plants Using CO₂-Expanded Liquid Technique

Abstract

The threat of antimicrobial resistance has resulted in the need to search for alternative cures from medicinal plants. This review examines the relevance and suitability of using the carbon dioxide expanded liquid extraction (CXLE) method in extracting bioactive compounds from selected medicinal plants in Tanzania. The study focuses on their potential as antimicrobial agents against common pathogenic bacteria. It highlights the advantages of using CXLE, including higher purity of bioactive compounds, preservation of thermally sensitive compounds, and lower organic solvent use. The review also discusses the selection of medicinal plants based on their traditional applications and the scientific evidence supporting their antimicrobial properties. To gain a broader insight and sufficient overview, the review has considered previous studies that focused on similar plant species or extraction techniques. Furthermore, it examines the influence of extraction parameters on the yield and quality of extracts, as well as how these factors affect antibacterial efficacy. The review concludes with suggestions for further research to optimise the CXLE process for optimal yield of bioactive compounds, to evaluate their antibacterial activity, and to combine with chromatographic techniques to separate compounds in a single step. This review emphasises the integration of traditional knowledge with modern extraction techniques to explore the medicinal potential of Tanzanian plants.